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Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. Multiple tissue types comprise organs and body structures. While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ developmentally for different classifications of animals.

The epithelium in all animals is derived from the ectoderm and endoderm with a small contribution from the mesoderm, forming the endothelium, a specialized type of epithelium that comprises the vasculature. By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only in a single layer of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight junctions, to create a selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all organismal surfaces that come in contact with the external environment such as the skin, the airways, and the digestive tract. It serves functions of protection, secretion, and absorption, and is separated from other tissues below by a basal lamina.

Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.

The study of tissue is known as histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology. The classical tools for studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then sectioned, the histological stain, and the optical microscope. In the last couple of decades, developments in electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and the use of frozen tissue sections have enhanced the detail that can be observed in tissues. With these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and disease, enabling considerable refinement of clinical diagnosis and prognosis.

Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. There are many different organs in the body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even your skin is an organ. In fact, the skin is the largest organ in the human body and provides us with an excellent example for explanation purposes. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. It consists of epithelial tissue in which the cells are tightly packed together providing a barrier between the inside of the body and the outside world. Below the epidermis lies a layer of connective tissue called the dermis. In addition to providing support for the skin, the dermis has many other purposes. The dermis contains blood vessels that nourish skin cells. It contains nerve tissue that provides feeling in the skin. And it contains muscle tissue that is responsible for giving you 'goosebumps' when you get cold or frightened. The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis and consists mainly of a type of connective tissue called adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is more commonly known as fat and it helps cushion the skin and provide protection from cold temperatures.

	Epidermis
	Dermis
	Subcutaneous layer

Organ Systems
Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. There are 10 major organ systems in the human body, they are the:

• Skeletal System:

Image courtesy of A. McGann	Major Role: The main role of the skeletal system is to provide support for the body, to protect delicate internal organs and to provide attachment sites for the organs.
	Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.

• Muscular System:

Image courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the muscular system is to provide movement. Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility. Muscles also control the movement of materials through some organs, such as the stomach and intestine, and the heart and circulatory system.
	Major Organs: Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

• Circulatory System:

Image courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the circulatory system is to transport nutrients, gases (such as oxygen and CO2), hormones and wastes through the body.
	Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels and blood.

• Nervous System:

Image courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the nervous system is to relay electrical signals through the body. The nervous system directs behaviour and movement and, along with the endocrine system, controls physiological processes such as digestion, circulation, etc.
	Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

• Respiratory System:

Image courtesy of A. McGann	Major Role: The main role of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the blood and the environment. Primarily, oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.
	Major Organs: Nose, trachea and lungs.

• Digestive System:

Image courtesy of A. McGann	Major Role: The main role of the digestive system is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.
	Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

• Excretory System:

Image courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the excretory system is to filter out cellular wastes, toxins and excess water or nutrients from the circulatory system.
	Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

• Endocrine System:

Image courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the endocrine system is to relay chemical messages through the body. In conjunction with the nervous system, these chemical messages help control physiological processes such as nutrient absorption, growth, etc.
	Major Organs: Many glands exist in the body that secrete endocrine hormones. Among these are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

• Reproductive System:

Female: Male: Images courtesy of G. Huang	Major Role: The main role of the reproductive system is to manufacture cells that allow reproduction. In the male, sperm are created to inseminate egg cells produced in the female.
	Major Organs: Female (top): ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. Male (bottom): testes, seminal vesicles

There are many different types of cells in the human body. None of these cells function well on there own, they are part of the larger organism that is called - you.

Tissues
Cells group together in the body to form tissues - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. There are 4 primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue.

1. Epithelial Tissue - The cells of epithelial tissue pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serve as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body's organs.
2. Connective Tissue - There are many types of connective tissue in the body. Generally speaking, connective tissue adds support and structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue.
3. Muscle Tissue - Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body.
4. Nerve Tissue - Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body.

Manchester University researchers are attempting to combat antibiotic resistance by developing a way to prevent bacteria from infecting cells of the body. While studying a group of bacteria called Listeria, the researchers discovered that they spread infection through a cell protein called calpain. Learning about how bacteria spread infection could lead to the development of new anti-infective drugs that could be an alternative to antibiotics.

According to lead researcher Dr. David Brough, "We have investigated the growth of Listeria, a pathogenic bacterium that grows inside cells. An essential step for its growth, and thus the infection, is the bacteria's ability to move from within one compartment in a cell to another. We discovered that in order for this particular type of bacteria to move and to grow some of the host cells biology is exploited, a protein called calpain. Without calpain the bacteria cannot move within the cell and so do not grow." The researchers contend that drugs could potentially be developed against the protein to inhibit infection. This would reduce the necessity for antibiotic use.

Cells are the fundamental units of life. All living organisms are composed of and depend on cells to function normally. Did you know that there are more bacterial cells in the body than human cells? Learn more interesting facts about cells!

In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem or Pythagoras' theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle (right-angled triangle). In terms of areas, it states:

In any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (the two sides that meet at a right angle).

The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a, b and c, often called the Pythagorean equation:^[1]

where c represents the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the other two sides.

The Pythagorean theorem is named after the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, who by tradition is credited with its discovery and proof,^[2][3] although it is often argued that knowledge of the theorem predates him. There is evidence that Babylonian mathematicians understood the formula, although there is little surviving evidence that they fitted it into a mathematical framework.^[4][5]

The theorem has numerous proofs, possibly the most of any mathematical theorem. These are very diverse, including both geometric proofs and algebraic proofs, with some dating back thousands of years. The theorem can be generalized in various ways, including higher-dimensional spaces, to spaces that are not Euclidean, to objects that are not right triangles, and indeed, to objects that are not triangles at all, but n-dimensional solids. The Pythagorean theorem has attracted interest outside mathematics as a symbol of mathematical abstruseness, mystique, or intellectual power; popular references in literature, plays, musicals, songs, stamps and cartoons abound.

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Shyampur Sugar Mills High school:

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A:44

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Suppose that x, y, and z are numbers.

The Commutative Laws

The Commutative Law of Addition

The Commutative Law of Multiplication

The Associative Laws

The Associative Law of Addition

The Associative Law of Multiplication

The Distributive Law

The Identity Properties

The Zero Property

There exists a number, , such that

The Multiplicative Identity Property

There exists a number, , such that for any number , Multiplying one by a number results in that number.

To be complete, we state also that .

Inverse Properties

The Additive Inverse

For any number , there exists a number x such that

The Multiplicative Inverse

If is any number except 0, there exists a number x such that

Laws of Equality

The Reflexive Property:

The Symmetric Property:

If , then

The Transitive Property:

If , and , then

If , then

If , then

Laws of Inequality

If , then

If and , then

If and , then